Chinese culture Essay

Chinese culture is known to value education as one of the most important things that you can have in the world. This historical importance of education in the Chinese culture dates back from the teachings of Confucius. China is also rich in great thinkers and philosophers, all having important contributions for China and in the global scale. There philosophy was that they believe in achieving social harmony through freeing humans from deprivation and be given appropriate education and learning. According to Confucian teaching, all of us have the potential to be great, and that education is a way to achieve this. Also, educating a person can help in correcting him, if ever he has strayed as to what is known as ethical behavior. Confucius is a proponent of offering education to all the people from all classes. Education has been a driving force for success; people from low social positions could have the chance to rise and make their selves know through proper education. Confucius’ teachings have become a basis of the social norms of the country and a great aspect in the formation of the Chinese society. Everyone, even the penniless, strives hard to send their sons to school, in hope for a change in their way of life. Education does not only prove to be a source of knowledge but also a source of hope. Chinese education is very democratic in nature, wherein it is open for anyone, and that it promises to uplift him the society as long as he is able to survive the hardships that are brought about by studying lessons and arduous examinations. Chinese people believed in the teachings of Confucius and have used the hope of education as a motivation. They are all veered towards a life of memorizing the Classics and studying for exams in the hope of having a good position in the society afterwards. Some of them succeeded in doing so, and have found that their efforts have all been rewarded. They believe that if they work with their heads, they will be able to rule, being in the top brass of the society; as for those who work with their hands, they are meant to serve others instead. Education then became a mode or strategy in order to survive in the country which is plagued with poverty, a country so large that the government barely hears the calls of the people, unless you strive and make you known: the purpose of having proper education. This was reflected in Lu Xun’s writings, especially in the Preface to â€Å"Call to Arms. † Lu Xun tells his life story, how he started as a young boy raised in a poor family. When his father died of an illness without getting properly cured, he was set into achieving a life in medicine. He aims to do this with the help of education. Just like most of the people in China, he sees education as a way to uplift them of their social status. Even if they are living a poor life, they still have the chance to rise up from poverty. This is by sending him to study and get proper education, away from his family. His mother did everything in order to send him to school. Poverty didn’t stand in the way; she literally worked till her back hurt in order to support Lu Xun in his education. Lu Xun on the other hand did his part and went to a school in his search for education. He was more inclined with medicine, and he further learned that his father wouldn’t have died if he was given the proper treatment, not the old ways of treating such ailments. Families suffered because of false prescriptions, lives were lost without actually being able to give any possible solutions to ailments. He studied a lot, and got into an introduction on Western medical science to Japan. This has brought him somewhere farther away from home, in the provincial medical college in Japan in his search for knowledge. He was thinking of being able to cure patients just like his deceased father, so that patients will not be wrongly treated anymore in the hands of the false prophets giving medical aids. He all dream of doing so upon his return to China even with the increasing unrest and development of wars at that time. Even so, he didn’t lose sight of his dream. He thought that if ever war broke out, he could then serve his country by volunteering to be an army doctor, alongside helping to strengthen the faith of his people towards reformation. What changed him that time is when he saw a film about the execution of a Chinese man. This was done in Japan when they found out about a Russian spy in the person of a Chinese man. Other Chinese people gathered around the man being executed as spectators of what is happening to a fellow Chinese. This had opened his eye that even if he pursue medicine, this can’t prevent the deaths of people who belong to a weak and backward country, and dying from illness may be very less likely to occur. The health of these people doesn’t matter anymore, as long as they are bound by the hardships of the society, they will all end up getting killed or watching others getting killed. The most possible solution that he could turn to was to change their spirit; and this sparked his motivation to move on to literature. He could use up his skills in writing to end this problem, and probably be able to initiate a literary movement. He will pioneer a movement that could hopefully serve his people’s interest; since most of the students in Tokyo are taking up law, political science, physics, chemistry and more, but none of them are studying the arts and literature. There were but a few who has the same inclination as Lu Xun, and they have conglomerated in order to fulfill the same goal by turning to using literature as a weapon against the problems of the society. As their first step, they decide to publish a magazine, signifying a new birth. There are a lot of things that happened afterwards, but eventually led to his collection of various short stories, something that signify his success, maybe not totally, but in his self, he was able to fulfill his dream of affecting a large number of people through literature. Lu Xun’s experiences were but a manifestation of China’s enlightenment, wherein he was able to analyze the worth of his actions, how his futile attempts to lift his position in the society become a detrimental action for the country itself. Chinese culture offered education as a solution, but not all the time should people rely on it. This may cause their demise, if not the total destruction of their beloved culture. Education is really an important aspect to consider, especially for the part of the Chinese people. They give it great value, and they see it as a way to uplift the life they are living in. But during the May Fourth Movement of 1919, people have stood up to the test of time; education is not always the solution. From Lu Xun’s pint of view, his pursue of getting proper education in the field of medicine is not enough. His eyes were opened to the reality of the society; they are living in a hostile environment, that if they don’t take action, they will end up getting crushed. Investing in the minds is not enough, since they have other aspects to fill in. People from other culture undermined the Chinese people’s abilities to assess things in life in the sense of practicality. They have been engrossed in education that they were neglecting the actual concerns of the people. They were more on an individualistic perspective rather that the interest of their nation. Lu Xun has realized this, from the time that he wished to have proper medical education so that he will be able to cure the person, which has been deprived for his deceased father. His personal intention of redeeming himself from the reality that his father could be saved has clouded his mind. In the early years of his time, he was just concentrating on his personal growth, despite the fact that he could have already involved in enriching the Chinese people’s spirit though literature. He realized this in his late years, and has been a manifestation of enlightenment in his personal level. Lu Xun’s writings were really a call to arms, encouraging people to move, to take action so that they can avoid getting crushed. These are encouragements that he gives out to the people of China, an enlightenment that takes them to a transitional phase. The transition of these people is from self-centered efforts of education to the efforts which are more on the national interest. People who were just thinking about raising themselves from poverty are now encouraged to think on a national level; what can they do to improve their country? It is truly a manifestation of enlightenment, wherein the writings of Lu Xun was a call to arms which transformed self-centered Chinese people to a Chinese citizen concerned with the greater interests of the country. This is highly manifested in the May Fourth Movement of 1919, wherein thousands of students stood up and fought for the country, making their voices heard all over the world. It was basically a cultural and political movement of the early modern China, which marked the awakening of a national interest, a wake-up call for the individualistic people to take action to save their country from the clutches of oppression from other countries. It awakened Chinese nationalism and re-evaluated Chinese cultural institutions including the pioneering Confucianism. This is to answer the oppression that they received from the unfair settlements of the Treaty of Versailles, which is known as the Shandong problem, arousing national interest and awakening a movement inside every Chinese citizen. When the Chinese government embraced the intervention from foreigners and the interests of other countries, the Chinese people sensed injustice in their demands from the country. Nationalism was ignited in every heart of the Chinese people because of the unfair treatment being given by the present government who are getting help from foreigners in exchange of favors against national interests. The major proponents of these movements are the students, who stood up and took the streets so that their voices could be heard not only by the government leaders but also by the world. In the outbreak of the World War I, the Beijing government took the side of the Allied Triple Entente because they are pursuing the return of Shandong to China. Shandong has been under the influence of Germany at that time, and China wanted its return. Japan, a fellow Allied power then pursued an attack on all German installations and properties including Shandong when the war came to an end. In a peace conference in Paris, the Chinese government requested for the return of Shandong to China, ever since Japan took it from Germany at the times of the World War I. But at the end of the peace conference in Paris, France, all the Chinese requests have been totally neglected by the Western Allies, dominating most of the meeting and ignoring the sentiments of China. Even though these western countries advocated self-determination, it seems that they have betrayed the fellow Allied power China when they didn’t care to notice of their few requests and arrangements. These events have fueled the fire inside the hearts of the Chinese people, most especially the Chinese students, leading to the outbreak of what we know now as the May Fourth Movement, and event in history that marked the awakening of the Chinese minds towards the harsh reality that we have today; the cruelty of man. In the early hours of May 4, 1919, Chinese students from the local universities of China came and met in Peking to draft and create a few resolutions to answer the Shandon Problem that has aroused from the unfair treatment that they have received from their allies. This includes the opposition of the German concessions in Shandong that was transferred to the Japanese hands. Another is to make everyone in China aware of the position they are into. They want them to know what is happening in their nation today, and that they want to raise the people’s awareness. Another was a â€Å"call to arms,† requesting the people to hold a demonstration that will show their disgust and opposition to the results and terms included in the Treaty of Versailles. The Allied betrayal of China has raised the anger of the Chinese people which encouraged them to stand up and took the streets to hold a demonstration. Majority of these people are students, coming from the local universities of the country. They wanted to get rid of the â€Å"traitors† that has overlooked the interest of China for their own interests. They wanted to punish the political figures at that time which hold important positions as diplomats. The following days were all signs of demonstrations. People especially students from Beijing and other neighboring regions of the country rose and went on strike as a whole, encouraging other parts of the country to do so and follow what they have started. The movement went one, from Beijing to Shanghai to other parts of China, calling the people to take the streets, a true â€Å"call to arms† in order to fight oppression from other countries that opposed them. They have been deprived of their small requests, which mean that they were betrayed by their allies at one point of time. This event is comparable to Lu Xun’s â€Å"A Madman’s Diary, wherein he feature’s the accounts of a person who may not be in the right frame of mind, chronicling everything that he experiences in his day to day life as a â€Å"normal† person in his own point of view. This diary serves as an answer to the May Fourth Movement, which is out on a different context. The mad man’s views may be considered to be as China at that time, while the other characters could be considered as the close people in his life. The mad man views that he is the center of the attention of all the people around him. They look into him as something different, not as a person, but as something material in nature. He thinks that these people wanted to eat him that they see him as someone that can be considered as food, someone that can be cooked just like pork, or chicken, and then be devoured to satisfy the hungry mouths of the people. He fears that anytime he can be attacked, be killed, butchered, and finally be eaten. Every time he walks out of his house, he is always wary that people are looking at him differently, that they have other intentions in their minds. Even the neighborhood’s youngsters look at him differently, just like how the old ones look at him. This has caused him of the uneasy feelings which deprives him of sleep and a good meal, and thinks that anytime soon, people will come barging in and attacking him so that they will be able to devour his flesh. These thoughts were not limited to his neighbors only. He has been thinking like this even with his relatives. He is thinking that his older brother and their caretaker also wanted to eat him. He sees his brother as the biggest threat to his welfare, that he is also interested in devouring his flesh and organs. Because of this, he thinks that he is not safe even in his own house. He then confronts his brother and gets into an argument with him. In the end, he suspected his brother more, with the intentions of devouring his flesh growing as the time lengthens. This was a manifestation of the May Fourth Movement’s awakening. The mad man was China, wherein he is afraid of getting eaten by the people in the community. It reflects the significance of China in a global stature. Many pursue his flesh, and that is literally the territories of the nation. China is a rich country which makes it susceptible for the negative intentions that other countries have against it and its territories. He was trying hard to protect it, and even seek the help of his relatives. These relatives are the Allied powers, whom China gave their allegiance. They wanted to get Shandong back in their names, only to find out that even Japan, a co-Allied power was after it. And the worst part was that they were ignored by the other allied nations. What the Western allied countries did to China was a big slap in their face. They trusted them to help in restoring the territorial claims of Shandong along with a few requests, but none of these were answered. Japan took advantage of their alliance and acquired Shandong for themselves, just like how the madman perceived it to be, his relatives, or in that matter his own brother, devouring his flesh out of greed.

Meal Plan Cost Analysis

Nancy StamperSeptember 6, 2012 HSS 303/05Meal Plan/Cost Analysis My meal plan is a bit unusual in that I am temporarily living with family after a experiencing a broken relationship and selling my condo. I am not required or expected to contribute to the food costs of the household. However, I do pick up items from the grocery store on occasion and I go out to dinner with friends. My school schedule is such that I usually eat my meals before and after classes and do not eat at the offerings on campus. I rarely eat fast food or get food from vending machines. During my 7 day food log time frame I spent 42. 93 eating out and around 48. 2 at the grocery. My guilty pleasure is Agave. It is rather expensive but I prefer to use it in my coffee or tea instead of sugar. It has a lower glycemic index and is sweeter than sugar. I prefer the taste. I do like to eat fresh fruits and vegetables. I prefer to buy what is in season as it tastes better and is usually priced better. In my past experie nce it is better to plan your meals around what is in season and on sale that to plan your meals and hope for the best in prices and availability. When eating out, I tend to choose what I want instead of what is healthiest. Eating out is a social event for me.I like to relax and enjoy myself which, for me, does not include analyzing food choices. Because I am frugal (or just plain cheap) I rarely order drinks when out. I cannot justify spending 2. 95 for a glass of iced tea or 7. 50 for a glass of wine when I can get the whole bottle for 6. 99. One thing that I could to do to improve my eating out habits that would be both healthier and more cost effective is to ask the server to box up half of the meal. Restaurant portions are much larger than we should be consuming. This would prevent me from overeating and provided me with another meal for the next day.Overall I am a good shopper. I purchase seasonal food to take advantage of better pricing and quality. I shop strictly from a lis t so I do not over buy. I prepare my list from planned menus and advertised sales. I use coupons to purchase only those items I would normally purchase rather than purchasing an item because I have a coupon. I could improve upon my eating out habits by making healthier choices and eating less. The real benefit of my current meal plan is that my sister is a very good cook and usually prepares dinner every night and she usually makes healthy meals. I ust help clean the kitchen! My food cost breakdown for the 7 days I recorded is as follows: Grocery Store: Grapes @. 99lb 2. 50 Skimmed [email  protected] 2. 99 gal 2. 99 Agave nectar @5. 99 23 oz11. 98 Strawberries @ 3. 99 32 oz 3. 99 Banana popsicles 1. 99 Fish sticks13. 00 Frozen peas 3 bags @1. 00 ea. 3. 00 Pluots 2 lb @1. 69lb 3. 37 Yogurt @ 10 for 6. 00 6. 00 Total48. 82 Fruits and vegetables 12. 86 26% Dairy 8. 98 18% Seafood13. 00 27% Misc13. 98 29% TOTALS48. 82100% Eating out: Mc Donald’s x 210. 34 Bob Evans18. 00 (with tip) Waffle House12. 00 (with tip) Dairy Queen 2. 59 Total42. 93

Basic Teleological Assumptions of Classical Design Theory Essay

The Old School of Intelligence Design presupposes the existence of an intellectual being behind the creation of the universe. Through inference, it often acts as a proof in support of a theistic God. The Design theory is usually supported on two major points – the complexity of the universe and the teleological nature of all natural organisms that constitute the universe. Traditionally, the old design theory resorts to an analogy of the machine, which is complex with an absolutely immaculate correspondence between the parts and the whole and has a ‘purpose’ or ‘telos’, thus teleological. Using Paley’s now legendary example of a mechanical watch that begins its ‘Natural Theology’, one can say that a watch in good condition comprises a number of devices that are intricately connected to each other in such a way, that if one part moves, it in turn set the other parts into movement, thus making the clock work. The watch is thus a ‘complex’ machine. At a second or higher level, there is a ‘purpose’ behind this entire operation, i. e. the ‘purpose’ of the watch – to tell what time of the day it is to its user. Thus, all parts contribute to the whole leading to a well defined ‘purpose’, thereby making the device ‘teleological’. Paley’s inference, which he extends to include all kinds of being and is developed into the central argument of the Old Design theory, is that ‘there must have existed, at some time, and at some place or other, an artificer or artificers who formed it for the purpose which we find it actually to answer; who comprehended its construction, and designed its use’. (Paley) Old Design theory, following Paley’s formulation, goes on to extend the analogy to include all natural beings to argue that the universe, being so well organized and infinitely more complex, thus presupposes the existence of a much higher intelligence, or a being with a much higher intelligence, who must have created this teleological universe. The general logic that establishes the thesis is: 1. Machines are produced by intelligent design 2. The universe resembles a machine Therefore, 1. Probably the universe was produced by intelligent design. (Rowe, p. 59) As a proof of this line of logical conclusion, we can look at anything of the natural world around us, both animate and inanimate, although the animate makes us understand the logic better. A tree, for example, is sustained by the nourishment that is produced by the leaf. The leaf works like a machine, with its every constituent carefully designed, arranged and contrived in such a manner so as to serve its exact purpose – carrying out photosynthesis and providing the tree, of which it is a part, with the necessary succor. It is thus a teleological unit within a bigger ‘machine’ – the tree. The tree, in its part, has all its constituent parts built and organized in such a way so as to make it serve its purpose – to exist and reproduce by creating more of its like. In order to understand this analogy, we can derive on the example of a car. A car, in itself, is a teleological unit serving the purpose of commuting people from one place to another. However, it is a combination of many smaller teleological units – the carburetor, for example, with parts to suit its express purpose – of providing the necessary combustion for the car to move. (Rowe, p. 57) Thus, a purposeful machine can be a combination of many constituent purposeful machines, which add up to carrying out the purpose of the whole. Any part of the human anatomy (like Paley’s example of the eye), and its relation to the human body in general can be counted as an example of teleological design in the natural world. Furthermore, Sartre’s existentialism can be taken as a normative school of thought elaborating on teleological renditions. As an existentialist belonging to atheistic principles, Sartre viewed subjectivity as the underlying source of inspiration behind creation. In other words, it is only the subjective understanding of things that he thought to be the fundamental purpose of beginning. The example of a paper-cutter can be aptly suited here to the context of explicating Sartre’s philosophical doctrine. The postulate that Existence precedes essence, as he came upon, can be justified by reasoning with the purpose behind the making of a paper-cutter. As is obvious, there are two sides to it. Firstly, the person who makes a paper-cutter knows what he is doing and what a paper-cutter is. So it directly involves the utility of a thing being made or created. Secondly, the process of making is also known to the maker. Hence, a logical inference can be drawn from these two interconnected preconditions that help assigning a teleological meaning to the whole. Needless to mention, it is unlikely that the person making the paper-cutter should be ignorant of its end-use (Sartre, p. 2) Arguments Old and New Till the end of the nineteenth century, the Design Theory, with certain qualifications, was thought to be adequate as an explanation behind creation and its unsurpassed complexity, through the presence of a super-intelligent being. However, right from the beginning of its existence and even before, serious questions and fallacies have been raised in the logical reasoning that draw correspondence between the mechanical and the natural world, leading to Intelligent Design theory. These criticisms are in fact older than even when the Old design was laid down as a philosophical foundation. Hume was one of the earliest critics, and Darwinism was one of the last and most potent criticisms of intelligent design – almost forcing the point of view to refashion and re-present itself into the New Design theory. The foremost accusation against the Design theory is that it is ultimately an analogy. Although Rowe proves in his article that analogy is necessary to reach the truth, yet he proves the significance of analogy only through another analogy, and thus laying the base of his logical inference weak. However, even if we take, for the sake of argument, Rowe’s formulation to be true and believe in analogy to be a way to reach the truth, there can be serious complaints raised against the way the analogy works itself out. One of the first problems to be thrown up by the machine analogy is that the creator of the watch is himself created by something external to his own self, and therefore the creator, an intelligent agency capable of action, needs to be created. Design theory often quite consciously avoids delving into the nature of the creator, just as it does about the ‘purpose’ behind the universal design. ‘Does intelligent-design theory provide explanatory power? ’ asks Young and Edis, ‘If so, it must provide information about the details of the design and, to this end, about the nature of the designer. ID theory, however, deliberately avoids the answers to this question’. (Young and Edis, p. 193) Even if we take into account the theological connotations of the theory that establishes the creator as a self-created, self-creating being, there are other problems that are foregrounded by Rowe. First, does a universe comprising teleological components itself become teleological? To prove that all natural objects that comprise the universe have a ‘purpose’ does not necessarily prove that the universe itself has a ‘purpose’. All that remains is transference that if the constituent objects have a purpose, then the world itself must have a ‘purpose’ where being constructed by a being that transcends ordinary intelligence, it is impossible to grasp that overarching ‘purpose’ behind creation. Such an argument runs into a danger of fallacy, because if ‘Design Theory’ is propounded to prove the presence of a God (or an intelligent being) behind creation, then we cannot take the presence of the being as a presumption. In that case we take to be proven what we are out to prove. Secondly, we can take into account Hume’s classical criticism of the Old Design theory, which says that it is presumptuous to take the teleology and the machine-like orderliness as the very pattern of the whole universe. Here we run into the danger of taking our argumentative basis as only that small section of the universe that is apparent to our sensory perception as the general model of the universe itself, something that we would never know. There may be, and probably are, other parts of the universe located outside the ken of our knowledge where chaos reigns. The greatest criticism of the Old Design theory comes in the form of Darwinian Theory of ‘Natural Selection’. Darwin started off as a believer in Paley’s theological model of Design theory, but as a result of his experience, defected and put forward his own theory of ‘Natural Selection’. It states that in order to be machine-like in teleology and perfect in construct, nature does not necessarily need a divine and intellectual being. Nature works in spite of such a presence or an absence in order to make its organisms best suited to the environment, whereby only the organisms that manage to suit themselves to the changing environment exist while the other perish. The survivors manage to make anatomical adjustments to survive in the environment, thus combining the part to the whole and carry on the acts of existence and procreation. Darwin’s locating the question of Intelligent Design within the question of the implicit ‘anthropomorphism’ of classical ID, is obvious when he talks about ‘Man’ and ‘Nature’ and their roles as agencies of creation: â€Å"As man can produce and certainly has produced a great result by his methodical and unconscious means of selection what may not Nature effect? Man can act only on external and visible character: Nature cares nothing for appearances, except in so far as they may be useful to any being. She can act on every internal organ, on every shade of constitutional difference, on the whole machinery of life†. (Darwin, p. 53) Till the beginning of the twentieth century, the Darwinian theory of Natural Selection reigned supreme in the field of scientific enquiry, while Design theory was more or less relegated to the recesses of religious and spiritual thought. However, the beginning of the twentieth century saw a resurgence of the Design theory, as Darwinian Evolution was made subject to questions and doubts. One of the most common attacks on Darwinism from the proponents of ID theorists has been from the lines of what is known as the mousetrap theory. The mousetrap is one of the most common and yet one of the most complex devices of our everyday life. However, if any of its component parts: the spring, the hammer or the platform is missing, it would fail to achieve its ‘purpose’, its ‘telos’: that is catching mice. Similarly, the immense complexity of even the most basic molecular organisms is so self sufficient and so ‘teleological’ that it cannot be explained by the theory of natural selection, since they do not appear as the result of any earlier form adapting to suit to the changing environment. It appears created out of an intelligent design. Michael J. Behe criticizes Darwin from precisely this position. New Design Theory: In Search for a Philosophic Co-existence However, Behe’s criticism that Darwinism does not account for the immense complexity of molecular organisms is not the same thing as to say that there is a supremely intelligent, benevolent and perfect being who has designed the universe. In fact, Natural selection can be made to account for the immense complexity of even molecular organisms. Neither does Dempski, who otherwise supports the ID theory, speak about the real nature of the intelligent being in question. Under such a situation where nothing could be proven conclusively, the design theory re-formulated itself in what is now known as the New Design Theory. One of the most significant positions of modern proponents of the intelligent design theorists is to dissociate and distance themselves from the earlier theological imports of the argument. As Manson states ‘the fact that modern ID theory is a minimalist argument for design itself, not an argument for the existence of God, relives it of much of the baggage that weighed down Paley’s argument’. (Manson, p. 277) Thus, much in response to earlier loopholes of ID arguments, a section of modern theorists is looking for a co-existence of Darwinism and ID, stating that they are not necessarily exclusive. The big-bang theory of creation is used very commonly as a point of departure. It states that the conditions conducive to life and existence required too many factors to act in too perfect a combination, and hence they do not look like an accident. Therefore, the presence of an intelligent being is needed in order to present the conditions from where nature could take its own course and get on with its act of existence and procreation. The presence of an intelligent being, whether in the form of a single theistic God or otherwise, is thus established, albeit through a new formulation. Religion, Meaninglessness and the Old Design Theory Questions of decaying morality and faith often encroach upon the spheres of religion. A man’s existence can grossly be measured on two parameters: his belief in the system of religion and other ethical means; and his actual loyalty to what he believes. If a man, out of compulsion or faith, remains loyal to what he regards as the most singular religious creed, he ought to have some degree of propensity to it. So he can be adjudged credible enough to be an individual who does not sway from his internal notions. But in reality, things turn out to be markedly different from the nature of our interaction with the world. Even the sternest believers are compelled to choose a life that hardly conforms to what he believes in and of itself about religion. Religion acts almost as an external element which is unplugged from the course of life and does not have anything to do with controlling man’s destiny (Tolstoy, p. 2). In relation to the Old Design Theory, it can be stated that God’s presence is rather nonessential with regards to the actual ordeal man has to live through in this life. As Rachels (293) argues, the ancient myth of Sisyphus is correspondent to conveying the ultimate meaninglessness of life. Contrary to the seep-seated Christian faiths of Tolstoy, this philosophy is more akin to Sartre’s doctrine of atheistic and nihilistic existence. Even if we go by the conjecture that there is in fact a supremely intelligent being at the heart of every phenomenon in the universe, the scope of redemption in mortal life is nearly impossible and therefore, the influence of a single entity, however powerful it is, is negated. References Manson, Neil A. (2003). God and Design. New York: Routledge. Young M. , and Edis, T. (2006). Why Intelligent Design Fails: A Scientific Critique of the New Creationism. Piscataway: Rutgers University Press. Paley W. (1837). Natural theology: or Evidences of the existence and attributes of the Deity†¦ With additions & notes. London: W. & R. Chambers. Darwin, C. (2007). On the Origin of Species: By Means of Natural Selection Or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life. New York: Cosimo, Inc. Rowe. The Design Argument: Old and New. Sartre, Jean-Paul. Existentialism Is a Humanism. Tolstoy, Leo N. A Confession. Grand Rapids: Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Rachels, J. (2005). The Truth About the World: Basic Readings in Philosophy.

Accountings for manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Accountings for manager - Essay Example Financial statements are prepared with the intention of providing information that can be used by investors for taking decisions relating to investments. At the end of every financial year business concerns prepare Profit and Loss a/c and Balance Sheet.The P & L a/c reflects the result of the business operations for a period of time and balance sheet gives a summary of the assets and liabilities of a business undertaking on a particular date. However, these two statements fail to explain certain major transactions that take place during the year. Balance sheet is a statutory statement. It does not sharply focus on those major transactions that took place behind the balance sheet change. One can draw inferences from the balance sheet about major financial transactions, only after comparing the balance sheet of two accounting periods. Thus, it has to prepare a statement explaining the reason for change in financial position from one accounting period with another.A cash flow statement is a financial statement, which shows inflows and outflows of cash of a firm. It is a description of the sources and applications of funds in business activities during an accounting period. It gives explanations to changes in the balance sheet figures between two accounting periods. Thus, managers can easily understand the changes in cash position between two accounting periods. It is also known as statement of changes in financial position.... A cash equivalent is that investment which has the maturity of three months or less from the date of acquisition. From the equity investments are normally excluded, unless they are in substance a cash equivalent (e.g. preferred shares acquired within three months of their specified redemption date). Bank overdrafts which are repayable on demand and which form an integral part of an enterprise's cash management are also included as a component of cash and cash equivalents. (Summary of International Financial Reporting Standards 2008). The main principles specified by IAS 7 for the preparation of cash flow statement are as follows: 1. Operating activities are the main revenue-producing activities of the enterprise. So operating cash flows include cash received from customers and cash paid to suppliers and employees [IAS 7.14]. 2. Investing activities are the acquisition and disposal of long-term assets and other investments that are not considered to be cash equivalents [IAS 7.6]. 3. Financing activities are activities that alter the equity capital and borrowing structure of the enterprise [IAS 7.6]. 4. Interest and dividends received and paid may be classified as operating, investing, or financing cash flows, provided that they are classified consistently from period to period [IAS 7.31]. 5. Cash flows arising from taxes on income are normally classified as operating, unless they can be specifically identified with financing or investing activities [IAS 7.35]. For operating cash flows, the direct method of presentation is encouraged, but the indirect method is acceptable [IAS 7.18]. (Summary of International Financial Reporting

Bibliography sketch of the author Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bibliography sketch of the author - Essay Example Because of his articulate literature, he has won several awards, including the Margaret Edwards Award, National Humanities Medal, and Newbery Medal (Stevens 86). Richard did not begin his career as a novelist. He was a high school teacher who read passionately and dreamt of becoming a novelist one day. He started his writing profession when he was transferred to a junior high school as an English teacher. Occasioned by this transfer, he decided to cut short his teaching career and embark on writing novels. He used his observations at the junior school to write his first novel. He learned a lot from his students. Richard Wayne Peck loved young adult very much. He wanted to inspire their mind change their thinking. That is why Richard chose to write about Young-adult fiction, mystery, and horror (Bostrom 204). Richard is a well-educated writer. He studied his first degree at DePauw University in 1956. He advanced with a bachelors gradation in English and spent much of his time as a member of Delta Chi fraternity at University of Exeter. Later in 1959, he completed his masters degree in English at Southern Illinois University. He also taught junior school and high school English while studying his masters at the university. He continued teaching English until 1971 when he authored his first novel entitled â€Å"Dont Look and It Wont Hurt.† The novel was published in 1972 by Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. The novel illustrates the life of a teenage girl who was struggling to understand her place within the world and her family. Richard is a versatile novelist. He has steadily grown to join the list America’s most respected writers. He is cherished by young adults and middle graders worldwide because of his mystical coming of age novels. He writes novels that are perfectly suited for children and young adult literature. In fact, every association and publications dealing with children literature have recommended Richard Peck’s books. His

Select a topic in U.S. History that corresponds to the time period of Essay

Select a topic in U.S. History that corresponds to the time period of 1607-1974 - Essay Example www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/.../king-bio.htmlNobel Prize is the website that I chose to do my research. It clearly and precisely and analyzes the history of Martin Luther since the time he was born and through his activist ministry. It has explained the various civil right movements that he led between early 50s to 1968when he died. The website has given in details the key points, unlike the other websites and so preferred using it in this research. It has discussed the way Martin conducted his activism. I highly recommend this website to the rest for the information it gives is understandable and orderly arranged. The website also has highlighted in explicit details on successes of Martin Luther and the occurrence of his death. From this topic, I have learnt so much about Martin Luther. Martin advocated for nonviolent demonstrations. He educated the southern people on peaceful movements, civil rights and as well politics. He desired to be diplomatic in carrying out his campaigns on call for equality on African American. Martin was so persisting in his work and determined to achieve his targets. In Montgomery Bus Boycott, where an African American was put in prison for failure to give up her seat for an American he called for a lobby group. Boycotting was to carry on for 382 days of harassment and walking to working places. King being the leader was attacked but did not give up. Public transport had a severe economic problem since there was no business for them. Martin was able to get support from other African churches just after he formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).He was able to go to many places across the country speaking on nonviolent protests. He had a meeting with politicians, religious leaders and other activists to show how devoted he was in work. In August 1963, Martin marched to Washington with his followers and many people came to listen as he gave the speech on â€Å"I have a Dream†. He

Cloud Technology and Virtualization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cloud Technology and Virtualization - Assignment Example In the business world, cloud computing has initiated to gain a huge mass appeals as it enables secure sharing and processing of computer resources over virtual networks. Corporate Data Centres operates through the internet for real time sharing of information and application among all the nodes of the business placed at different location all over the word. Nowadays the cloud based computer services became so much distributive in nature that many organizations are finding difficulties in using the applications and the technological infrastructure components without it. Instead of using the pre-cloud and traditional practices, the cloud network enabled huge reduction in capital cost and much more efficiency in flexibility of the business. The cloud technologies have huge impact over the corporate data centres. The Research manager of Global Cloud Computing, Agatha Poon said that the backup and recovery plan for the pre-cloud environment was not at the top of the priority list and that resulted in huge amount of cost utilization for management of those resources. Poon added that with the help of ‘cloud aware’ hardware deployment of the energy can be managed with much less cost and the organization can have quicker service solutions and energy consumption can be as per their demand. The elasticity of the cloud services enabled much higher utilization of the server. Moreover, there are provision that the companies can make zero investments for storage and server services. The overall efficiency of the organization can be increased with collaborate working in a cloud services. Cloud computing also resulted as an added benefit for the community of application development. It provided freedom maintain hardware systems. The cloud developers also say that it is perceived as a large cost saving application. Another major component of the cloud computing system is the Data Security. According to the experts cloud computing provides a stronger

Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 19

Finance - Essay Example The profit after corporate tax rate of 30% comes to $ 7245000. The Net Present Values of the project has been calculated by taking into account the initial investment and the cash flow streams at the end of every year and it comes to $ -28566432.13 (Kirkpatrick and Weiss, 1996, p. 15). This means that the company would not be able to break even at the end of 4 years and thus the new technology should be implemented for avoiding the expenditure burden for the company. In the scenario of adoption of the new technology, the company would be able to reduce the per unit production cost and as a result of which the profit for the company will increase at the same selling price of the product (Peterson and Fabozzi, 2004, p. 71). The company has to incur an initial investment of $55000000. The advantage for this project is that the company will get back a salvage value of the new machine at the end of four years and also some value from the resale of the old machine. The cash flows at the end of each year would also be more compared to the old machine. Thus after calculation of the NPV it is found that it is still negative but the figure is much better as compared to the old machine. The financing for the new Machine can be done by selling the old machine @ $ 1,20,00,000 and the remaining amount of $ 5,50,00,000 has to be taken as a loan from a bank with a rate of interest @ 9 % pa. Thus the interest has to be deducted from the Profit before calculating the NPV of the new project (Chapman and Ward, 2007, p. 47). Decision Tree Analysis: It is one of the commonly used techniques for evaluating the permeability of a project. In case of a decision tree, the projects various possible situations are calculated and their associated probabilities of occurrences are taken into consideration. Accordingly a diagram is plotted and that gives an idea of the situations that might happen due to the occurrence of a particular project and how much return it

Different Aspects of Employee Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Different Aspects of Employee Relations - Essay Example This raises the issue that at any one time there may be a number of ideologies within an organisation, which underpin the social relations of work (Mannheim 1936, p. 59; 61). While managers and employers may have diverse interests between them, management as a collection of employees is 'structurally dependent' on employers rather than inclined to any collaboration with the workers. Within organisations, managers' ideology, imbued with notions of professional autonomy or managerial prerogative, 'will always be deployed against developments which may lead towards more egalitarian relations in production'(Clegg, Boreham & Dow 1986, p. 169). . Unitarism can be defined as the aim of a team being defined by one common purpose. This perspective focuses on some core issues such as conformity and sharing of goals. They further desire an absence of conflict in a well functioning organization. According to the Kochan's report published in 1982, on the application of a unitary framework for analyzing conflicts in a US organization. The unitarists theorists did not deny that conflicts exist but they attributed this existence of conflict in the organizations workplace to being more interpersonal than structural factors being into play. There ar In, simpler words, unitarists believe in an organization that has a common set of goals. They also believe in forming a conflict free organization. There are certain philosophical foundations to unitarism "then the implication seems to be that unitarism emerges from a contract view of work relationships that would naturally see the ethical justification for HR Decisions. In a deontological view "(Shaw 1999:63) Unitarist theories may in fact make a problem clearer. By having common goals and all working towards the same goals can provide a method of making "two and two equal five rather than three and a half" (Harvey-Jones, 1995: 9). Harvey-Jones has also refereed to the fact that management is an art, not a science. "It is an art because management consists of enlisting the freely given support of disparate groups of people at different time to achieve, by their own free will, an agreed common purpose." (Harvey-Jones, 1995: 6). It is vital that in the end that all the individuals within the organiozation are working towards the same goal i.e success of the organization . A unitarist perspective dominates organizations like IBM , Kodak , Hewlett Packard and 3M . Because this perspective holds that all the individuals within an organization are working towards a common goal it automatically rules out conflict in any form. Further more; often the view presented above is criticized. But in argument to their convictions they say that conflict does not need to exist. But if it has occurred it is because the management of the organizati

Perfomance Improvement Managment Development & Creativity Assignment

Perfomance Improvement Managment Development & Creativity - Assignment Example The objective of such exercise was to 'provide an opportunity for non-managerial employees to learn about themselves and about the organization's expectations for managers'. The programs initiated by the organization focused on the personal capabilities of the participant, and the methodology was adopted so as to explore the suitable and diversified background and mentalities of the professionals. The question relevant to the personal information, experience, objective, development of the organization, and several case studies were offered to brainstorm the participants. The focus of the exercise was to ensure the enhancement of the managerial and professional expertise of the participants, for that purpose, the exercises 'enabled the participants to assess their values, managerial styles and attitudes, and career interests' (Hayes, 1988). The management oriented sessions and seminars have undoubtedly led the potential participants to realize their potential and capabilities to the f ullest, and for that purpose the attribute of decision making was focused, and the evaluation and discussion process was narrowed to that spectrum. The organizatRole & Responsibilities The organization usually assigns the managerial responsibilities to the employees of various divisions, keeping in view the difference of area of specialization of the employees. The organization offers employment positions i.e. 'accountants, position classification and labor relations specialists, fiscal analysts, training and development specialists, criminal investigators, taxpayer assistors' (Welch, 2001), in all such respective departments the managerial skills are required to ensure the performance improvement and management development. The Internal Revenue Service has performed required exercises and reviews which has led to the identification of 'twenty one generic skills that managers need, these twenty one skills are divided into four categories: interpersonal skills, analysis and decision making skills, managing systems and organizations, and understanding operations'. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Adjective Check List incorporate the self-assessment relevant to the interpersonal skills category which encompasses, 'self-awareness, understanding individuals and groups, and communications' (Welch, 2001). The scheme has converged the interpersonal skills and managerial skills, and the influence of the respective aspects has been monitored. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and The Adjective Check List has been a source of insight for the participants which have helped these participants to resolve their respective concerns having relevance to the career development process. The techniques have relevance towards the leadership and career development processes. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator was designed as per conclusion of the Carl Jung's Psychological Type. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator has enabled the participants to concentrate and focus upon managerial skills and leadership qualities, and 'the assessment of their preferences with regard to judging and perceiving' (Jaques, 1989). Techniques & Indicators The findings and the results derived from the Myers-Briggs Ty

Examining Ethnic Differences in Achievemen Essay Example for Free

Examining Ethnic Differences in Achievemen Essay 1. The definition of an ethnic group is a group of people of the same race or nationality that share the same cultural norms and values. 2. Three ways in which the education system may encourage separation between children of different ethnic backgrounds are: Labelling and teacher racism, many teachers label their students and studies by interactionist sociologists found out that many teachers labelled black children as disruptive and they didn’t want them in their class. Another reason is the ethnocentric curriculum. Troyna and Williams describe the curriculum in British schools as ethnocentric because it gives priority to white culture and the English language; this causes separation between white pupils and other ethnic pupils. A final reason is the selection and segregation available to schools. David Gillborn argues that marketization has given schools greater scope to select pupils. This puts some ethnic minority pupils at a disadvantage because selection gives more scope for negative stereotypes to influence decisions about school admissions. 3. There are many ways in which factors in children’s home background may lead to differences in achievement levels between ethnic groups. The first way is cultural deprivation; this is split into 3 aspects. The first is intellectual and linguistic skills. Cultural deprivation theorists argue that many children from low-income black families lack intellectual stimulation and enriching experiences. Bereiter and Engelmann consider the language spoken by low-income black American families as inadequate for educational success. The next aspect is attitudes and values. Cultural deprivation theorists say that some black children are socialised into a subculture that instils a fatalistic ‘live for toady’ attitude that does not value education and leaves them unequipped for success. The final aspect of cultural deprivation is family structure and parental support. Daniel Moynihan argues that because many black families are headed by a lone mother, their children are deprived of adequate care because she has to struggle financially in the absence of a male breadwinner. Also Ken Pryce claims that Asians are higher achievers because their cukture is more resistant to racism and gives them a greater sense of self-worth. However, he argues, black Caribbean culture is less cohesive and less resistant to racism. As a result, many balck pupils have low self-esteem and under-achieve. Another reason is Material deprivation and class. According to Flaherty; Pakistani’s and Bangladeshis are over three times more likely than whites to be in the poorest fifth of the population, as a result statistics show that Pakistani and Bangladeshi boys are among the lowest ethnic groups in the country to obtain 5 A-C GCSE’s. A final reason is racism in wider society. David Mason says â€Å" discrimination is a continuing and persistent feature of the experience of Britain’s citizens of minority ethnic origin. † 4. The differences in educational attainment between different groups of pupils have been a major focus of much sociological research. These differences can often be seen to be largely due to different social class, but also gender or ethnicity. Social class is the most significant and dominant factor when looking at these differences, but ethnicity also has a relative impact on educational achievement. Education has a key role to play in eradicating racism and valuing diversity and it a responsibility for all educational establishments, including those with few or no ethnic minority pupils. Promoting racial equality demands a whole school approach and commitment from all those who are involved in the life and work of their school. Racism is linked to the educational achievement of minority ethnic groups, however the connections are complex. Gilborn and Mirza conclude that ‘social class and gender differences are also associated with differences in attainment but neither can account for persistent underlying ethnic inequalities: comparing like with like, African Caribbean, Pakistani and Bangladeshi pupils do not enjoy equal opportunities. ’ They also argue that in promoting educational inclusion as a means of raising standards, there is a need ‘for clarity and guidance in translating the commitment to equality and inclusion into policy proposals and practice at the local and school level. Many cultural deprivation theorists see the lack of intellectual and linguistic skills as a major cause of under-achievement. Gordon Bowker identifies their lack of standard English as a major barrier to progress in education and integration into wider society. However the Swann Report found that language was not a major factor in under-achievement. Other cultural deprivation theorists suc as Charles Murray argue that a high rate of lone parenthood and a lack of positive male role models lead to the under-achievement of some minorities. Also Anthony Flew believes that ethnic differences in achievement stem from cultural differences outside the education system, not discrimination within it. However Geoffrey Driver criticises the cultural deprivation theory for ignoring the positive effects of ethnicity on achievement. He shows that the black Caribbean family, far from being dysfunctional, provides girls with positive role models of strong independent wome Driver argues this is why black girls tend to be more successful in education than black boys. Some socilogists that the ethnic differences in education are cause by racism. John Rex shows how racial discrimination leads to social exclusion and how this worsens the poverty faced by ethnic minorities. In housing, for instance, discrimination means that minorities are more likely to be forced into substandard acoomodation than white people of the same class. This creates separation due to the ethnic children not being able to study at home and therefore getting lower grades than the white children who are able to study at home.

Project Manager Essay Example for Free

Project Manager Essay The main communication method they use is the telephone. This is because it is handy and convenient to use, and it is also fast. They use telephone for various reasons such as to arrange an appointment, to confirm orders, to book activities etc. The alternative method instead of using the telephone could be e-mail and letter, this way they can keep the letter for hard copy and evidence to confirm that they did arrange the appointment if there are any complications. The Fax machine is quite useful because it is fast and the letter can be kept for hard copy so there will be no need to type up any information. A meeting saves quite a lot of time and they get feedback from people immediately. Some information may be confidential so a certain method may need to be used such as face to face or letter, this way no confidential information is being leaked. There are different types of communication used because they need to know which type of communication to use for each purpose for example if its confidential they can either use telephone or letter so that no confidential information is being released out. And also if letter or email is being used, this can be kept for future reference and hard evidence for any purpose. Although there are some disadvantages of using the alternative methods, this is due to the confidentiality of information handling. Some information needs to remain or private in a company so a certain method has to be used. How information is collected, processed and stored All administrative staff play a key role in: Collecting information: whether it arrives in the mail, electronically, by telephone or is passed on by word of mouth. Processing information: inputting it, merging it with other information, sorting it, reorganising it, reproducing it or updating current records. Storing information: in filing systems and on computer. The main aspect of a storage system is so you can find things quickly and the items stored are kept in good condition. Information is processed when it is changed or converted in some way. It may be improved or may be prepared for a particular use such as notes from meetings, messages from telephones, sales figures that need to be input into a spreadsheet etc. These roles are important to the Business because it depends how well information has been organised and stored so that it can easily be accessed when it is needed. Every day, Businesses receive a vast amount of paperwork that is generated by organisations such as forms, fax messages, telephone messages, letters, memos reports and many more. So the administrative staff is responsible for the storage, processing and collecting these information in order to keep the constant flow of the Business going. Post arrives at the reception and then is sorted and stored separately by name in a little locker by the reception assistant, each locker is provided with a key so the administration assistant or the manager has to collect their post from their locker. After all the post is bought back to the department to be opened and read, they also have to do certain things such as processing and storing the type of information. For example: When they receive an invoice for the art and crafts equipment, the amount is processed onto spreadsheet on the computer by the administration assistant. This is because they need to record how much money is spent using the companys money. Then the assistant writes a number on top of the invoice to help keep all the invoices in order which is then kept in a box file then stacked on the shelf. When the cheque is made out, the same number as the invoice is also written on the top of the cheque so they know they match. Records of the young people who join the community are kept on a CD Rom. Their details are also kept in a lever arch file and are updated if any changes have been made. The lever arch file is then stacked on the shelf along with some other files. When an application form is received, it is read by the manager and details of that person are noted down and then the form is filed in a vertical filing cabinet. If the manager approves one or two forms, he then photocopies them and then the original copy is filed and the other is sent to the director. All other information such as catalogues and booklets from the suppliers of office organisations are stored in a tall cardboard box file and is kept on the shelf. Decision making Decisions are made every day within businesses. The Board of Directors makes the major decisions at GAZ and the Project Manager makes the simple decisions such as what equipment to buy.

Evolutionary Analysis of Culex Species

Evolutionary Analysis of Culex Species INTRODUCTION: Culex, a mosquito belongs to the phylum Arthopoda, is an important factor causing filariasis [1] St. Louis encephalitis [2]West Nile virus [3] Avion malaria (4). C.quinquefasciatus also called the Southern house mosquito is extensively studied as it transmits crucial diseases [5]. C. pipiens found in the urbans (6) is because of swift urbanization uncanny city growth which eventually resulted in the progression the disease transmittors (7,8,9). Lymphatic filariasis is spread worldwide, affecting 120 million people  [10]. They bite on the foot regions of humans  (11) causing skin allergy associated with irritation  (12).Since 1979 there are reports Japanese encephalitis in India, AP and was again reported in 2003  [13]. Known as a cosmopolitan mosquito, acts as vector for protozoan parasites (14 ),filarial worms (15), and for arboviruses(16 ,17). Cx. quinquefasciatus is the prime vector in India causing filariasis  (18) which involve 91% caused by Wuchereria bancroftiCobbold   [19] Hence, therefore, it is very important to eradicate this for the human welfare for which it is very essential to understand them at their molecular levels. The genome sequence of Culex quienquefasciatus  [20]triggered a new hope for the researchers. However, the researchers are still involved in identifying and characterization of these species causing diseases  (21). The objective of the present article is to access the evolutionary relationship among the culex species with the DNA barcoding and to assess the evolutionary relationship with Tamura 3 Parameter. To accomplish the objective, it is important to use the advanced techniques like the computerized data assessments (22) which could have an immense impact on the health care S. Morio, Computers in Biology and Medicine, 9: 295 (1989)(BOOK) (23) system as the data could be accurate (22). The use of DNA barcoding has been in practice over the conventional 16s ribosomal DNA (24) which is more advantageous and promising (25) by playing a pivotal role in identification between the species (26). 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 2.1 Larvae collection and Characterization: Culex larvae were sampelled from various parts of Hyderabad during the breeding season from different locations, say stagnant water, coconut shells, tires etc. Thus collected larvae were reared and were identified morphologically for Culex quienquefasciatus under the microscope. Microscopic analysis revealed the following characteristics, Short and stout head, yellow long mouth brushes. It was also observed that the abdomen has eight segments, the saddle and the siphon, which is four times longer that its width, securing the larvae to be Culex quinquefasciatus. The larvae were allowed to grow into an adult (27). Further study was performed from the F1 generation of the pure culture after they were identified morphologically for adult. 2.2 DNA EXTRACTION: From the 4th instar larvae, the total DNA was extracted and was then finely ground in 50  µl of homogenate buffer (28). The homogenate was left in the thermo cycler for 30 minutes at 60oC with a quick addition of 7  µl of 8M CH3COOK. Incubate the tubes in ice for 30 minutes and centrigugate them for at a maximum speed for 15 minutes. Transfer the supernatant into fresh tubes. To precipitate the DNA, incubate the tubes for 15minutes after adding 100  µl of 95 % ethanol. DNA pellet was collected after a rapid centrifugation for 15 minutes at maximum speed and decay the supernatant. Air dry the pellet and suspend it in Tris buffer. Store it at 20oC till further experimental procedure is carried. COI Partial sequencing, amplification, Sequencing and Alignment: The isolated DNA was further amplified on PCR by mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase I (COI) gene, which can differentiate between the diversity of taxa . The mitochondrial COI gene of ~ 500 bp was amplified by forward and reverse primers (28) which were developed on the spanning, ~700 bp of Aedes aegypti, Anapheles stepfheni and Cx. Quienquefasciatus. The reaction mixture, 25  µl, consisting of 10-50 ng of DNA template, 200 µM of dNTPS’ 1U of Taq DNA polymerase, 1X assay buffer and 5p mol of primer was then subjected to amplification for 2 minutes at 94o C initiation, denaturation of DNA template for 35 cycles for 30 seconds at 95 o C, followed by primer aliening -30 seconds at 55 o C, extension- 70 o C for 30 seconds and final extension at 70 o C for 10 minutes. The amplified sequence ,thus, was run on Agarose gel electrophoresis and then the sequencing was perfoemed by Bioserver Biotechnologies Pvt. Ltd. The sequence was submitted to NCBI. The accession number assigned was JX08870 (501bp). Further multiple sequence alignment was performed for partial COI gene sequence of 501bp with the default parameters. Sequence alignment studies elucidate the similarity and differences among different species in India along with other parts of the world. Further, the results of the DNA barcoding were made increasingly vivid with the phylogenetic analysis by the construction of phylogenetic tree. The analysis of the phylogeny was attained by maximium likelihood method (29) with the deletion of gaps and missing data. Bootstrap replication was used to validate the tree. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: Known as the ‘Southern House Mosquito’, Cx. Quienquefasciatus a vector which played a prime role in filariasis and the incidences have seen in different parts of the world. Hence, there is an utmost need to address this problem with priority. In order to snub the prognosis of this vector, it is very essential to take certain control measures. To attain this, the mosquito larvae were collected and grown into an adult. The DNA was isolated and amplified and run on the agarose gel electrophoresis. The agarose wells comprised of sample from different locations along with 200bp marker DNA. The amplicons were seen between 400bp and 600bp of the DNA marker and were then subjected to sequencing. It was noted that the sequence was identified to be novel and was submitted to NCBI-gene bank nucleotide database and the accession number assigned was JX088701. Further, the multiple sequence alignment was performed to understand the evolutionary relationship among the species of the world.. Using the Maximum Likelihood Method, which creates a tree of highest Likelihood from the given data. The Maximum Likelihood tree elucidates that the Culex species of Hyderabad was closely related to the UK species and hence both emerged as out group in the phylogenetic tree. CONCLUSION: The medium sized brown mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, predominantly exists all through the tropics acts as a vector causing several parasitic diseases. Usually active at night, it is an opportunistic blood feeder which allows the parasites to use the humans as hosts. It is hence important to address their control with priority. The present article the DNA sequence was successfully isolated, sequenced and was submitted to NCBI-Gen Bank nucleotide database. Further, to understand its evolutionary relationship the phylogenetic analysis was performed. It was noticed that the DNA sequence of Hyderabad Culex quinquefasciatus was different from other species and can be used as DNA barcode to identify the organism REFERENCES: Deepak Kumar, Rakesh Chawla, P. Dhamodaram, and N. Balakrishnan Journal of Parasitology Research. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/236838. Ary Farajollahi, Dina M. Fonseca, Laura D. Kramer, and A. Marm Kilpatrick â€Å"BIRD BITING† MOSQUITOES AND HUMAN DISEASE: A REVIEW OF THE ROLE OF CULEX PIPIENS COMPLEX MOSQUITOES IN EPIDEMIOLOGY Infect Genet Evol. 2011 October ; 11(7): 1577–1585. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2011.08.013. Linda M. Styer et al Mosquito Saliva Causes Enhancement of West Nile Virus Infection in Mice JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Feb. 2011, p. 1517–1527 doi:10.1128/JVI.01112-10. Fabrice Lalubin et al Temporal changes in mosquito abundance (Culex pipiens), avian malaria prevalence and lineage composition Parasites Vectors 2013, 6:307 doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-307. Emilie Dumas et al Population structure of Wolbachia and cytoplasmic introgression in a complex of mosquito species Evolutionary Biology 2013 13:181. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-181 P. F. MATTINGLY Population Increases in Culex pipiens fatigans Wiedemann 1962, 27, 579-584. D. SINGH The Culex pipiens.fatigans Problem in South-East Asia 1967, 37,239-243. Sharma, V.P. et al., ed. Community participation for disease vector control. Proceedings of an ICMR/WHO Workshop,February 1986, New Delhi, India. Roberta Bivins The English Disease† or â€Å"Asian Rickets†? Medical Responses to Postcolonial Immigration Bull. Hist. Med., 2007, 81 : 533–568 E.A. Ottesen, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1997, 75 (6): 491-503. Oduola AO,Awe OO Behavioural biting preference of Culex quinquefasciatus in human host in Lagos metropolis Nigeria J Vector Borne Dis.2006 Mar;43(1):16-20. Bhoopendra SINGH et al Interdiscip Toxicol. 2012; Vol. 5(4): 184–191. doi: 10.2478/v10102-012-0031-4 Repon C. Paul et al A Novel Low-Cost Approach to Estimate the Incidence of Japanese Encephalitis in the Catchment Area of Three Hospitals in Bangladesh Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 85(2), 2011, pp. 379–385 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0706. C. van Riper III, S. G. van Riper,M. L. Goff, and M. Laird, â€Å"The epizootiology and ecological significance of malaria in Hawaiian land birds,† Ecology Monograph, vol. 56, pp. 327–344, 1986. S. M. M. Ahid, P. S. Da Silva Vasconcelos, and R. Lourenc ¸ode- Oliveira, â€Å"Vector competence of Culex quinquefasciatus Say fromdifferent regions of Brazil to Dirofilaria immitis,† Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vol. 95, no. 6, pp. 769–775, 2000. S. Sucharit, K. Surathin, and S. R. Shrestha, â€Å"Vectors of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV): species complexes of the vectors,† The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and PublicHealth, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 611–621, 1989. G. Molaei, T.G. Andreadis, P.M. Armstronget al., â€Å"Host feeding pattern of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) and its role in transmission ofWestNile virus inHarris County, Texas,† American Journal of Tropical Medicine andHygiene, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 73–81, 2007. Sarkar M et al Insecticide resistance and detoxifying enzyme activity in the principal bancroftian filariasis vector, Culex quinquefasciatus, in northeastern India Med Vet Entomol.2009 Jun;23(2):122-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2009.00805.x. http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/12579/5/05_chapter%201.pdf ( BOOK) Peter Arensburger Sequencing of Culex quinquefasciatus establishes a platform for mosquito comparative genomics Science. 2010 October 1; 330(6000): 86–88. doi:10.1126/science.1191864. U.Suryanarayana Murty Rule-based system for the fast identification of species of Indian Anopheline mosquitoes Comput Appl Biosci(1996)12(6):491-495.doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/12.6.491 Upadhyayula Suryanarayana Murty Rapid identification of female Culex mosquito species using Expert System in the South East Asian region Bioinformation 1(2): 40-41 (2005). S. Morio, Computers in Biology and Medicine, 9: 295 (1989)(BOOK) Setti A, Devi TP, Pawar SC, Rajesh G, Srikanth S, Kalyan S.Molecular evolution of pathogenic bacteria based on rrsA gene, 2012 Hebert PD Biological identifications through DNA barcodes Proc Biol Sci.2003 Feb 7;270(1512):313-21. Saied Reza Naddaf et al Confirmation of Two Sibling Species among Anopheles fluviatilis Mosquitoes in South and Southeastern Iran by Analysis of Cytochrome Oxidase I Gene J Arthropod-Borne Dis, 2012, 6(2): 144–150. Eugene JG. Manual for mosquito rearing and experimental techniques. Am Mosq Control Assoc INC, 1970, Bulletin No.5, 7-27 Sambashiva Daravath, Aravind Setti, Yuvo singh, Swarnagowreeswari G, Madhavi Yadav M, Smita C Pawar, Reddya Naik B. DNA barcode of COI genetic marker of the Indian Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae). Medical Science, 2014, 5(15), 21-25. Koichiro Tamura et al MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Molecular biology and evolution, 2011, 28 (10), 2731-9 Ref without PMC ID: C. van Riper III, S. G. van Riper,M. L. Goff, and M. Laird, â€Å"The epizootiology and ecological significance of malaria in Hawaiian land birds,† Ecology Monograph, vol. 56, pp. 327–344, 1986. S. M. M. Ahid, P. S. Da Silva Vasconcelos, and R. Lourenc ¸ode- Oliveira, â€Å"Vector competence of Culex quinquefasciatus Say fromdifferent regions of Brazil to Dirofilaria immitis,† Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vol. 95, no. 6, pp. 769–775, 2000. S. Sucharit, K. Surathin, and S. R. Shrestha, â€Å"Vectors of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV): species complexes of the vectors,† The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and PublicHealth, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 611–621, 1989. G.Molaei, T.G. Andreadis, P.M. Armstronget al., â€Å"Host feeding pattern of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) and its role in transmission ofWestNile virus inHarris County, Texas,† American Journal of Tropical Medicine andHygiene, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 73–81, 2007. Setti A, Devi TP, Pawar SC, Rajesh G, Srikanth S, Kalyan S.Molecular evolution of pathogenic bacteria based on rrsA gene, 2012 Eugene JG. Manual for mosquito rearing and experimental techniques. Am Mosq Control Assoc INC, 1970, Bulletin No.5, 7-27 Sambashiva Daravath, Aravind Setti, Yuvo singh, Swarnagowreeswari G, Madhavi Yadav M, Smita C Pawar, Reddya Naik B. DNA barcode of COI genetic marker of the Indian Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae). Medical Science, 2014, 5(15), 21-25

Kate OFlaherty Chopins Biography Essay -- essays research papers fc

Kate O'Flaherty Chopin was born 8 February 1851 into a prominent family in St.Louis, Missouri. Her father, Thomas O'Flaherty, an Irish immigrant, was a successful St. Louis merchant who was killed in a railroad accident when Kate was only five years old. Kate's mother, Eliza was left a wealthy widow and raised Kate in a household "run by vigorous widows: her mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother . . . a community of women who stressed learning, curiosity, and financial independence" (Toth, 187). Kate was formally educated at the Academy of the Sacred Heart in St. Louis where she kept a commonplace book "in which the thoughtful adolescent recorded themes that appear in her later fiction, among them women's roles and the conflict between desire and duty" (Toth, 187). On 9 June 1870, two years after graduating from the Academy, Kate married Oscar Chopin, the son of a planter from Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana. They were married for twelve and a half years, spending nine in New Orleans and three in Cloutierville, Natchitoches Parish. During this time, Kate gave birth to five boys and one girl. "Devoting herself to her family and household, she still managed to reconcile the needs of her own being with the expectations of her conventional milieu. She dressed unconventionally and smoked cigarettes long before smoking was an approved practice among women in her class" (Inge, 91). When Oscar died of malaria in 1882, he left Kate twelve thousand ...

A Comparison of John Donnes A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, and An

A Contrast of John Donne's "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning", and Andrew Marvell's "To His Coy Mistress" The stereotype of poetry is that poems are written to exemplify a relationship between two people who are so infatuated with each other it is said that they are "in love" and this can give meaning to what is commonly referred to as a love poem. Poets John Donne and Andrew Marvell write such poetry however, their poems "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning", and "To His Coy Mistress", consider two different concepts. Although they are addressing love, they are dealing with different aspects of it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The two poems can be contrasted in form, poetic devices such as symbols, tone, rhyme, and the rhythmical pattern. Symbols and tone can often encourage the reader to look for underlying mental representations that will connect them to the text to put different elements like the mood of the writer or hidden motives into perspective. The form and rhyme scheme can be applied to the person the poem is addressing, and when analyzed further, it can determine unconscious feelings and meanings that may be expressed by the writer. When using a certain rhythmical pattern, the writer can point out exactly how he feels about his subject.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Donne's poem is in stanzaic form and the rhyming scheme is ABAB, CDCD, etc. In lines one through four, "As virtuous men pass mildly away, / The breath goes now, and some say, no", the rhyming words: "away", "go", "say", and "no" because of the repetition of sounds can already make the reader feel bored. The words themselves can also reflect a negative feeling of being unwanted. These bland, organized sentences and the rhyme patterns show the speaker's unattached attitude, and take away from the excitement of the subject of love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marvell's poem uses continuous rhyming couplets to illustrate love's unconventional and irrational aspects, as love usually is. They take two separate lines and make a matching pair out of them. Often he uses words that can symbolize togetherness like "all" and "ball" as he writes:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Let us roll all our strength and all   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our sweetness up into one ball   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  And tear our pleasures with rough strife,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thorough the iron gates of life. (41-44) This rhyme scheme can make a relation to two people, a couple, joining together.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Donne uses symbols ... ...her depressing, such as one would use when separating. The poem also is not addressing its subject, the woman, directly. The concept of indirectness points to the author's lack of emotion. He is remaining emotionless and indifferent to avoid any confrontation from her. He wants their separation to be as quick and as painless as possible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since these two poems deal with completely different aspects of love, they must have been written differently. Their different forms can be analyzed to get the individual interpretation of meaning to be gathered from each. They both come across differently to the reader. One poem is about sexual love and the other poem is about the end of love. This just shows that not all love poems are about falling in love. When a person hears the phrase: "love poem," he naturally thinks that it will be about a love smitten male or female. These two poems just prove that there are many aspects of love that are not necessarily about falling in love. Love poems can also be about separating from our loved one or even about giving in to lust and temptation. From this the reader learns that there are more definitions to a love poem than originally thought.

The theatrical works of 5C Athens represent a very significant advance on Homers Iliad :: Ancient Greece Greek History

The theatrical works of 5C Athens represent a very significant advance on Homer's Iliad It is difficult to compare the works of Aristophanes and Homer, and make a decision as to whether or not Aristophanes' plays are more advanced than Homer's writing, as they serve a different purpose and are told conpletely differently. Aristophanes's stories are meant to be performed in the form of a play. Homer's Iliad is an epic, and through his language the reader can only picture the scene. They cannot be compared as such, but we may pass judgment on whether the works of Aristophanes has advanced in quality, in relation to Homer's Iliad. Literature reflects the circumstances of the times by providing a social and political commentary. This commentary is represented by Aristophanes, one of the best known tragic and comic poets of the fifth and fourth century B.C. As Greek society became more sophisticated a new type of poetry arose among the Greeks. Unlike Homer, authors of this lyric poetry sang not of legendary events but of present delights and sorrows. This new note, personal and passionate, can be seen in the works of Aristophanes, in which the contrast between the new values and those of Homer's heroic age is sharply clear. By the fifth century B.C. in Athens, two distinct forms, tragedy and comedy, had evolved. Borrowing from the old familiar legends of gods and heroes for their plots, the tragedians reinterpreted them in the light of the values and problems of their own times. Comedies were vulgar and lively. There were no laws against libel or obscenity in Athens, so political satire became a favorite subject of the comedians. Aristophanes, the most famous comic-dramatist, brilliantly satirized Athenian democracy as a mob led by demagogues. A favorite target of his was the political leader Cleon - he based several of his plays around him. Yet he also put intelligent messages between his jokes. For example, in his play Lysistrata, the women of Greece stop the Peloponnesian War with a sex boycott, refusing to sleep with their husbands until they agree to end the fighting; thus, he could advocate peace and women's rights in the same story. By allowing such coarse humor even in difficult times, the Athenians may have shown us why Athens remained a cultural center after its best years ended; they were never afraid of the truth, and could always laugh at themselves. The theatrical works of 5C Athens represent a very significant advance on Homer's Iliad :: Ancient Greece Greek History The theatrical works of 5C Athens represent a very significant advance on Homer's Iliad It is difficult to compare the works of Aristophanes and Homer, and make a decision as to whether or not Aristophanes' plays are more advanced than Homer's writing, as they serve a different purpose and are told conpletely differently. Aristophanes's stories are meant to be performed in the form of a play. Homer's Iliad is an epic, and through his language the reader can only picture the scene. They cannot be compared as such, but we may pass judgment on whether the works of Aristophanes has advanced in quality, in relation to Homer's Iliad. Literature reflects the circumstances of the times by providing a social and political commentary. This commentary is represented by Aristophanes, one of the best known tragic and comic poets of the fifth and fourth century B.C. As Greek society became more sophisticated a new type of poetry arose among the Greeks. Unlike Homer, authors of this lyric poetry sang not of legendary events but of present delights and sorrows. This new note, personal and passionate, can be seen in the works of Aristophanes, in which the contrast between the new values and those of Homer's heroic age is sharply clear. By the fifth century B.C. in Athens, two distinct forms, tragedy and comedy, had evolved. Borrowing from the old familiar legends of gods and heroes for their plots, the tragedians reinterpreted them in the light of the values and problems of their own times. Comedies were vulgar and lively. There were no laws against libel or obscenity in Athens, so political satire became a favorite subject of the comedians. Aristophanes, the most famous comic-dramatist, brilliantly satirized Athenian democracy as a mob led by demagogues. A favorite target of his was the political leader Cleon - he based several of his plays around him. Yet he also put intelligent messages between his jokes. For example, in his play Lysistrata, the women of Greece stop the Peloponnesian War with a sex boycott, refusing to sleep with their husbands until they agree to end the fighting; thus, he could advocate peace and women's rights in the same story. By allowing such coarse humor even in difficult times, the Athenians may have shown us why Athens remained a cultural center after its best years ended; they were never afraid of the truth, and could always laugh at themselves.

Comparing Quality With Quantity Of Education For Development Economics Essay

Education plays a major function in the part of economic development of any state. Education is considered to be really of import as it generates demand for high rates of labour ingestion and labour productiveness. It besides helps in deriving big economic returns through higher productiveness and incomes of the people. Education besides enhances accomplishments and cognition of the work force ( Woodward et al. , 2000 ; OECD, 1994 ; Bloom et al. , 2006 ) . The states with good developed instruction systems besides benefit by increasing the proportion of the working population and promote them to stay in the work force. A good instruction system in a state besides helps to keep competitory place in the planetary economic system and minimizes the impact of unemployment than states that have non invested in such preparation ( World Bank, 1990 ; Economic development indexs, 2007 ) . Education besides helps in accomplishing a higher criterion of life and enhances the accomplishments and cognition of people. It besides contributes and benefits the population from the scientific and technological progresss in the signifier of new merchandises and procedures which may in bend consequence in higher net incomes of people and lead to economic development ( Stevens and Weale, 2003 ) . However, it can non be denied that people need to better and update their accomplishments and cognition to vie in the progressively knowledge based economic system, as a consequence of which it becomes necessary for people to set about both qualitative and quantitative instruction and preparation ( Woodward et al. , 2000 ) . The quality and measure of instruction offered may change from state to state, but instruction is considered to be really of import as it is considered to be a major subscriber of economic growing. Even in Australia, instruction is one of the largest industries which contribute to about 6 per centum of GDP and the sum spent by the politicians and educational curates in Australia is based with the quality of end product. The authorities bursary on instruction during the 90 ‘s was about $ 17.6bn and the outgo made by persons and houses was about $ 4.7bn. Australia ‘s instruction system is besides considered to be of good quality criterion and besides attracts big pupils from different states. ( Becker and Lewis, 1993 ; Burke, 1992 cited in Marginson, 1993 ; Australian authorities, 2008 ) . However, there has been a batch of argument in the literature as to whether the quality of instruction is of import of the measure for a state ‘s economic development. ( Link and Ratledge, 1975 ; Marginson, 1993 ; Woodward et Al, 2000 ; Bloom et al. 2006 ) states that, it is of import for people to hold high quality of instruction as it encourages the population to achieve more instruction which will take to economic development of a state. This is because ; high quality of instruction helps people to develop more accomplishments and cognition and therefore, increases the productiveness of people which in bend has big impact on the net incomes and economic growing. The writers further provinces that, in order to acquire accurate estimations of returns from the quality of instruction, it is of import to mensurate quality which can be done by quantitative indexs i.e. graduation rates or achievement tonss of people. One of the states that illustrate the importance of quality of instruction is Singapore, where the per capita GDP grew at the rate of 6.7 per centum between 1970 ‘s and 1990 ‘s. The chief ground for the addition in the GDP was due to the alterations in the instruction policy. The authorities ‘s policy was focused on upgrading the quality of instruction and increasing the productiveness by bettering the accomplishments of people by using the school larning to existent universe jobs. This policy resulted in increased engagement of work force in the labour market with high cognition and accomplishments and therefore, the quality of instruction contributed into the economic system by bring forthing a cognition driven work force taking to the economic development of the state ( Kozma, 2005 ) . However, ( Cheng and Ghulam, 1997 ; Lee, 2005 ; Barro, 2001 ; Sianesi and Reenen, 2002 ; Dowrick, 2002 ) contradicts this and states that measure of instruction contributes to about 0.44 per centum growing in a state ‘s per capita GDP for every extra twelvemonth of schooling. Measure of instruction helps people attain more old ages of instruction and can gain higher rewards. Achieving more old ages of instruction is besides of import as higher degree of instruction is needed to run into the challenges of altering demands which are originating out of advanced cognition and engineerings. In developed states like Australia, more accents is being laid on the quality of instruction which leads to economic growing as at that place does non look to be much of a relationship between the degrees of instruction attained i.e. measure and economic growing. In such states more importance is given on the quality of instruction. This is because, people who do non possess plenty cognition and experience i.e. quality while go forthing or graduating from high schools and colleges find it hard to run into the demands of the labour market. These people may besides hold low productiveness and net incomes which may in bend have low impact on the economic development ( Pianalto, 2004 ; Bosworth and Collins, 2003 ; Arcaro, 1995 ; Marginson, 1993 and Barr, 2002 ) . However, ( Access Economics, 2005 ; World Bank, 1990 ) contradicts these positions and provinces that at that place seems to be a relationship between achieving higher degrees of instruction and economic growing. This is because, what a population learns may be different from what the employers may demand in the labor market. Achieving a low degree of instruction may besides gain really low returns to persons and to the economic system, while more old ages of instruction i.e. measure consequences in more skilled work force. Such skilled work force, in bend consequences in higher productiveness, higher engagement of people in the work force and higher employment in the state. The work force with more instruction brings a higher degree of accomplishment to the work topographic point. Hence, it increases the productiveness. It increases engagement of people as workers with higher accomplishments degrees are more likely to work. Hence, it increases engagement. Peoples who attain mote ins truction are more likely to be employable and bask lower unemployment rates. The writer further adds that people who do non achieve more degrees of instruction, they are likely to gain lower norm returns as compared to those people who have attained more degrees of instruction. For illustration in Australia, in 1999, people who did non complete twelvemonth 12 earned about 20 per centum less than those who completed. While people who attained university instruction earned about 40 per centum more than those who completed twelvemonth 12 and about earned 75 per centum more than the least educated. Education delivers high wage to Australians Beginning: OECD Net incomes of people by increased degree of instruction Average pay of those who finish school =100 ( Nam et al. , 1994 ; Temple, 2000 ; Muffels, 2008 ) further adds that, people with low old ages of instruction i.e. measure are more likely to acquire a impermanent occupation, peripheral occupation due to the deficiency in the accomplishments and cognition. This can ensue in lower productiveness and lower net incomes of persons. While people who attain high degrees of instruction are more likely to hold a positive consequence on labor market and acquire lasting occupations, nucleus occupations. This is because, though the procedure of instruction takes clip and involves chance cost, nevertheless, the result from the investing in the old ages of schooling can be considered to be certain in a sense that those persons who undertake who attain higher degrees of instruction will be skilled laborers in future which will increase productiveness and lead to economic growing. But ( the economic experts, 1992 ; Link and Ratledge, 1975 ) are of the position that, both quality and measure are of import for economic development as a big proportion of uneducated may ensue in unemployment and people who do non finish their schools do non hold important impact on their net incomes. The people who attain quality of instruction besides better the accomplishments of people and as there is a mismatch between the accomplishments offered by the people and the accomplishments needed by labor markets, there is a demand for people to achieve measure degrees of higher instruction. In order to increase the quality and measure of instruction it is besides of import to account that, who pays for instruction. ( Woodward et al. , 2000 ; Harrison, 1997 ) states that the authorities should bear the cost of instruction because if the authorities wages of instruction so it will better the quality and measure of instruction as more figure of people will be encouraged by the authorities to set about instruction. The sum of subsidy given by the authorities besides may impact the fees that persons pay for acquiring educated and therefore, will increase the demand for instruction. But if the authorities does non pay for instruction, it may impact the quality of instruction and besides may increase inequality in instruction. This is because ; if persons have to pay for instruction so they may see instruction as outgo and non as investing and hence, see a secondary issue which may raise poorness and unemployment in the state, which may restrict the economic growing of the state.

Guys and Dolls

The Fox Theater presented Guys and Dolls that evening. The musical was choreographed by Adrienne Waiters and Molly Bell. There is about twenty save en performers in the whole production and out of all of them the four main characters are Sara ah Brown, Miss Adelaide,Sky Masters, and Nathan Detroit.The musical takes place in New York City, Nathan Detroit runs an illegal crap g name and e is in search of a location for the latest game. Luckily he found one location t o rent which is the Biltmore garage. Lat was offered to rent for 1 ,OOH but Nathan is broke. Therefore e, he proposes a bet to Sky Masters. The bet was for Sky to take Sarah Brown the lady that led t he Espousal Mission to Havana for dinner. Sky agreed and he gives a deal to Sarah; the dead I was for him to bring one dozen sinners to her mission only if she went with him to Havana.Miss Adelaide is Antenna's fiancee she has been wanting to marry him for about fourteen years Sky and Sarah are in love back from there dinner i n Havana and all sinners attended the mission *Nathan lost the bet but yet he hosted his last crap game. Lat was his last because he finally married Miss-Adelaide and promised her he wouldn't do it again-Sky and Sarah got married the same day as the other couple. Throughout the musical jazz and ballroom were the types of dances the eye performed.The scene in the concert that certainly caught my attention was in Act I scene 8, Havana,Cuba A Dive-when Sky and Sarah were dancing the coach,it caught my attention cause I learned that type of dance throughout my childhood which can't r erne beer the last time ever danced the coach . That's why I really enjoyed seeing and remember erring those steps because that was my favorite dance growing up. The dance scene that impressed me the most was in Act II scene 7, Broadway The Happy Ending Company.I was very impressed with this scene because at the end all the gamblers attended the Save soul Mission together. I like how they all realize d that gambling isn't really taking them nap. Where in life especially if they are losing. They really where in need or a much needed lesson about gambling. Since at the end gambling really did don't do good for them beside the one that always won and it just kept them away from their 10 Veda ones. Plus I was impressed on the ending part because they all danced jazz together in the Save jealous mission. Really liked that they all danced different moves and it was a great performance CE with most of the production on stage because they all seemed as if they were happy even if the eye have to stop playing the addictive gambling game. Guys and Dolls was a spectacular performance because I really enjoyed the Pl t of the story and it never really lost my attention since I could relate to the coo pale Nathan Detroit and Miss Adelaide problems because I know people that dealt with those type of problems before.The production was very well organized and everything went smoothly throughout all the musical's scenes-I would love to go back to the Fox Theater with my family so they could enjoy what I have seen with my classmates.