Teaching

A Study On The Theory Of Teen Dating Abuse By Using A...

Phenomenology A phenomenology study will be conducted because the question seeks to understand the experience of youth that has experienced dating violence. To grasp the essence of their experiences I will conduct interviews with adolescent survivors of dating violence, allowing them to tell their story and explain their experiences from their personal point of view. The statements and descriptions of those experiences will define the essence of the phenomenon. (Taken from Tranell Steward Initial discussion wk 3). Problem Recent literature suggests there is little known about dating violence among youth. (Bennett and Banyard, 2014; Edwards, Gidyez, and Sylaska, 2013; Halpern, Tucker, Bengtson, Kupper, McLean, and Martin, 2013). Additionally, the Center for Disease Control (2015) revealed that the cycle of abuse begins at a young age, suggesting most of college age students that experience dating abuse had their first experience between the ages of 11-17. (Taken from Tranell Steward initial discussion wk 3). Purpose Add to knowledge of teen dating abuse by using a phenomenological inquiry focused on lived experiences of female victims of teen dating abuse. Questions How do adolescent victims of dating violence cope with intimate partner violence? How do adolescents define dating violence or intimate partner violence? Ethnography Patton (2015) suggest that people that interact together for a long period of time, eventually constructs a culture. In an ethnographicShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work

Segmental Reporting & Disclosure for AASB- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theSegmental Reporting Disclosure for AASB. Answer: Ideally, entities are seen to operate and conduct business at different levels either product wise, service wise, clientele, legally or even geographically. At all these levels, of course, there exist activities that generate revenue or that are seen to reward the investors at a particular period. It is therefore rightfully for the users of the information to get informed on the decisions available, risk assessment exercise and finally previous firm performance analysis for their best interest and that of the company Crawford(2012.Pg 52) ASSB 114 and 8 has set regulations and guidelines on how the latter expectations of investors should be addressed regarding the segments approach in place. Segments in a firm may likewise be referred to as business unit or departments that are the cash generating in nature. Any cash-generating unit is expected to be held in charge by persons who work on behalf of the investors for the sole purpose of operational control with an eye on revenue generation and these persons are termed to be part of the management since they analyse data and present activities happenings and scenarios while delivering key decisions in the segments. The management is therefore soberly expected to outline all the information and measures considered in decision making. This should range from operations, financials and finally management through dialogue and both statistical and theoretical analysis. At the segmental level, the management reliance is high since he forms the informational basis of how the business is being run hence setting means of assessing business performance. We can further state that all segment disclosures present in a firm through one way or the other it has its roots to the management information available concerning the segments at the time of reporting. The management is therefore expected to be more cautious and responsible on all the matters relating to segments since they form the basis of garbage in/garbage out. Management segmental adoption approach is vital since all the parties within individual interest and that of the business use the information while reporting and disclosing segmental reports. This approach may or may not result in too much private information disclosure to competitors depending on individual ethics and professionalism Deegan(2012.Pg. 30). The access level of information according to management is at time unquestionable thus limited to their discretion. It is from this that he can maliciously and unlawful share the information since no one monitors or regulates what they ought to disclose and to who. However, this is only applicable to persons of management whose ethics and integrity is compromised Bugeja(2015.Pg 320). Likewise, it may not disclose too much info to the competitor but only to the extent in which the management agrees and comply with ethics and professionalism rules on the share of information and secrecy that this applies. Generally, individual management persons intention and professional will is what dictates on the act of insider information and its control Aleksanyan (2015.Pg 50). Highlands Pacific Limited 2016 annual reports inform of the group segments activities to be that of exploring, evaluating and that of industry developments and this is conducted through exploration and evaluation at segments Frieda where copper and gold activities take place, Ramu dealing with nickel cobalt and Star mountain exploration of gold. Highlandss management is seen to report the segments in the note number 21 of notes to financial statements. The management has further outlined the segment units in the statement of significant accounting policies summary (c).The director in the summary report is seen to give over view of events that happened during the year and more so on the excellent progress of star mountain copper-gold segment and possible factors towards it, likewise we are able to be informed by management of April accident that occurred and the next course of action of shutting down that was taken by management Lantto(2007.Pg 23).They further inform on risks analysis and announcement of the next stage of exploration at Sewa Bay. Generally the latter is just sample of management approach information wise on segments Kang(2013.Pg 240) Highland Pacific Ltd Company 2016 annual report has met all segmental requirements while reporting and disclosure as outlined in AASB 8 and IFRS 8 at the point of reporting. All explanation that is deemed importance for decision making has been disclosed in notes and in the summary policies. References Aleksanyan, M. and Danbolt, J., 2015. Segment reporting: Is IFRS 8 really better?. Accounting in Europe, 12(1), pp.37-60. Bugeja, M., Czernkowski, R. and Moran, D., 2015. The impact of the management approach on segment reporting. Journal of Business Finance Accounting, 42(3-4), pp.310-366. Crawford, L., Crawford, L., Extance, H., Helliar, C. and Power, D., 2012. Operating segments: The usefulness of IFRS 8. ICAS. Deegan, C., 2012. Australian financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Kang, H. and Gray, S.J., 2013. Segment reporting practices in Australia: Has IFRS 8 made a difference?. Australian Accounting Review, 23(3), pp.232-243. Lantto, A.M., 2007. Does IFRS improve the usefulness of accounting information in a code-law country?.

Organisational Marketing Strategies and the Digital Age Essay Example

Organisational Marketing Strategies and the Digital Age Essay Organisational Marketing Strategies and the Digital Age The Role of Marketing Strategy Development As marketing professionals, we have a clearly defined role within the organisation—to promote the organisation’s services and/or products to potential customers in order to increase market share and grow the business. Yet throughout the years, marketing and promotion is straightforward in a world where consumers are spoiled for choice with most any product or service. In addition, consumers cannot be considered a group as a whole. Customers are people, and vary considerably and have different needs so cannot all be satisfied in the same way. Kotler 31) These reasons mean that marketing must be strategic in order to have the biggest impact on obtaining customers, increasing market share, and growing the business. Strategic marketing is defined as the process of aligning strengths of an organisation with the groups of customers it can serve. (Kotler 31) This means that the m arketing strategy will align an organisation with a group of customers where it can meet their needs better than its competitors. Strategic marketing affects the whole direction and future of an organisation. You need a complete understanding of the macro and micro environments and markets served to inform your marketing process. In the same way that your organisation is developing strategic marketing plans to grow the business, your competitors will be doing the same thing, constantly searching out new ways to capture and retain customers. Therefore the basics of strategic marketing involve three interdependent parts so messages are directed appropriately: market segmentation and positioning, developing a relationship with the customers, and competitive strategy. (Kotler 31) Figure 1 defines these parts of strategic marketing. Figure 1: Strategic Marketing Three Parts of Strategic MarketingDefinition Segmentation and positioningDividing the total market into groups of similar customers, then targeting specific groups depending on their attractiveness; giving the product favourable associations in the minds of the target customers Relationship marketing Building and maintaining profitable customer relationships by delivering better value and satisfaction Competitive strategyBuilding an advantage over the competition; delivering customer value that competitors will find difficult to copy We will write a custom essay sample on Organisational Marketing Strategies and the Digital Age specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Organisational Marketing Strategies and the Digital Age specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Organisational Marketing Strategies and the Digital Age specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By analysing these three parts of strategic marketing, the organisation can also gain a deeper understanding of itself. Knowing who its customers are, their perceptions and purchasing habits, and also understanding how the organisation’s products, services and marketing differ from its competitors enables organisations to plan the future activities to engage with its marketplace. One way to illustrate the organisation’s areas for potential market growth is to use Ansoff’s product/market expansion grid as shown in Figure 1. Kotler 66) Figure 2: Ansoff’s product/market expansion grid Existing productsNew Products Existing MarketsMarket PenetrationProduct development New marketsMarket DevelopmentDiversification In this table, Ansoff provides a way of deciding how to achieve growth. It shows four areas for achieving growth: market development, new markets, new products and diversification. Market penetration is increasing sales of existing products in existing markets. (Kotler 65) Market development is entering new markets with existing products. (Kotler 66) Marketing strategy provides the guiding philosophy for the company (how to serve the needs of customer groups), as well as inputs to overall company strategy by identifying market opportunities and assessing the firm’s potential to take advantage of them. (Kotler 67) Strategic marketing has a key role to play in developing market share and growth when you focus on market penetration and market development. Because the organisation already offers existing services and/or products in a competitive marketplace, one may consider these areas the â€Å"low hanging fruit† of the business as moving into new markets or developing new products incurs more risk. Therefore the minimise risk, it is the very important role of the marketing professional to concentrate efforts on these routes to grow the business. Examples of marketing strategy for these areas can be seen in Figure 3. Figure 3: Examples of Marketing Strategy for Market Penetration and Market Development Existing products Existing MarketsMarket Penetration: Mercedes-Benz new C-class (medium-sized family saloon) and E-class (executive saloon) luxury cars helped them increase sales by 23% New marketsMarket Development: Mercedes-Benz entered the small car market with its A-class small family saloon and Smart Car Market Development and Penetration in a Virtual Marketplace The marketing strategies outlined in Figure 2 represent core activities that your organisations are probably already implementing and measuring. Yet as also described above, your customers are all different and with technological advances that where unheard of just 20 years ago, the needs and attitudes of your customers are also changing. The Digital Age refers to the macro-environmental forces of recent new technological advances that have shifted the business world and change the way we live our lives on a day to day basis. These forces that are shaping the digital era or internet age are digitalisation and connectivity, the explosion of the Internet, new forms of intermediaries, and customisation and customerisation as outlined in Figure 3. (Kotler 128) Figure 3: Forces shaping the Internet age Definition (Kotler 129-131)ExampleImplications Digitalisation and connectivityDigitalisation is where appliances operate on digital information which is a stream of zeros and ones, or bits; for these bits to flow from one appliance to another requires connectivityInternetAllows users all around the world to access a vast amount of information Internet explosionWith the creation of the World Wide Web and web browsers, the Internet was transformed from a communication tool into a revolutionary technologyThe number of web surfers worldwide is expected to reach 1. billion in 2007Leads to innovation because it allows consumers and companies to access and share large amounts of information with just a few mouse clicks New forms of IntermediariesInternet companies selling products and services via the Internet; products and services tradionally sold by store based retailersComputer manufacturersEstablished store-based retailers going out of business Customisation and CustomerisationCustomisation is where a company customises the market offering; customerisation is where the company leaves it to individual customers to design the offeringFor customisation, Levi would take the customers measurements and then customise their jeans at the factory; whereas customerisation means a customer would take their own measurements and add specific featuresCompanies become facilitators with customers moving from consumers to prosumers As seen in Figure 3, forces shaping the digital age can have both positive and negative implications on the marketplace. Therefore, in order for the business to keep up with the changing customer in the Digital Age, marketing strategy must integrate its activities to fit into the digital environment. The Digital Age presents both new opportunities and challenges for the organisation, but strategic marketing planning means that activities can target customers just as, if not even more, effectively as traditional non-digital marketing methodologies. Some digital marketing methodologies are outlined in Figure 4. Figure 4: Examples of Digital Marketing Methods (Kotler 134-153) Digital Marketing MethodDefinition e-commerceBuying and selling supported by electronic means WebsitesA site on the Web which carries information, answers customer questions, builds customer relationships and generates excitement about the company. The site can also engage consumers and move them closer to a purchase Online advertisingAdvertising that appears whilst consumers are surfing the Web, including banner ads and skyscrapers Viral MarketingWord-of-mouth marketing on the Internet; email messages that are so appealing that customers will forward them on to friends Web CommunitiesWebsites where members gather to exchange views on shared interests WebcastingAutomatic downloading of customised information of interest to recipients computer; ideal for delivering Internet advertising As seen in Figure 4, digital marketing methodologies represent the online or computerised versions of traditional marketing communications tactics. The benefits of these methods are that marketers are able to tailor their offers effectively to targeted customers at relatively low cost. They are a powerful tool for building customer relationships, plus they increase a sellers speed and efficiency as well as offering easy access to world markets. Figure 5 shows examples of where these methods can fall into place within Ansoff’s growth model. The Marketing Mix for a Digital Strategy Integrating digital methodologies involves re-evaluating your organisation’s marketing mix in the context of the digital marketplace. Marketing mix is defined as the set of controllable tactical marketing tools – product, price, place and promotion – that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market. (Kotler 34) The marketing professionals within organisations place different emphasis on each of these tools depending on the type of organisation and the target market. Integrating the e-marketing Communications Mix into Marketing Mix Figure 6 shows examples of the e-marketing communications mix. Table 7 illustrates how the e-marketing communications mix can be integrated to complement and support offline marketing tactics. Table 7: Integrating the e-marketing Communications Mix into Marketing Mix Offline marketinge-marketing Product PriceDiscounts for redeeming couponsDiscounts for ordering via company website PlaceRetail outlets, call centreCompany website PromotionDirect mail, press ads, postersEmail, banner ads Physical Evidence Process Integration of e-comms with offline activity, branding, customer experience, communications to have web address.

Murphy Surname Meaning and Family History

Murphy Surname Meaning and Family History The common Irish surname Murphy is a modern form of the ancient Irish name OMurchadha, which means descendant of sea warrior, or strong, superior, from the  Gaelic  muir  meaning sea and  cath  meaning battle. The surname Murphy (including its variant forms) is the most common surname in Ireland. Murphy is also popular in the United States, where it is the 58th most common surname based on 2000 census data. Surname Origin:  Irish Alternate Surname Spellings:  MURPHEY, MORPHY, OMORCHOE, MCMURPHY, OMURPHY, OMURCHU Famous People with the Surname MURPHY Eddie Murphy  - American actor and comedianGeorge Murphy - actor and U.S. SenatorRyan Murphy -  American  producer, screenwriter and directorJohn Murphy - Irish  Roman Catholic priest; one of the leaders of the Irish Rebellion of 1798Michael Murphy - Irish Roman Catholic priest; United Irishman  leader during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 Where is the MURPHY  Surname Most Commonly Found? Forebears ranks Murphy as the most popular surname in Ireland, and the 9th most common surname in Northern Ireland. Murphy is also fairly common in Australia (45th), Canada (46th) and the United States (53rd). Within Ireland, Murphy is most common in Cork and Wexford. Data from WorldNames PublicProfiler agrees, identifying the Murphy surname as most common in southern Ireland.   Genealogy Resources for the Surname MURPHY 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Murphy  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Murphy  family crest or coat of arms for the Murphy surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Murphy Family DNA ProjectIndividuals with the Murphy surname and variations are invited to join this project dedicated to combining the results of DNA testing with genealogy research to identify various Murphy family lines. The Murphy Family: Genealogical, Historical and BiographicalFree, online edition of a 1909 book on the Murphy Family by Michael Walter Downes.  From Internet Archive. Murphy ClanLearn about Murphy genealogy, the Murphy coat of arms, clan history, and more. Murphy Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Murphy surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Murphy query. FamilySearch - MURPHY  GenealogyExplore over 6  million  historical records which mention individuals with the Murphy surname, as well as online Murphy family trees on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. MURPHY Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Murphy surname. DistantCousin.com - MURPHY Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Murphy. GeneaNet - Murphy  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Murphy  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Murphy  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Murphy  from the website of Genealogy Today. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to  Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Write a Description of the Duties and Responsibilities of Your Own Work Role Essays

Write a Description of the Duties and Responsibilities of Your Own Work Role Essays Write a Description of the Duties and Responsibilities of Your Own Work Role Essay Write a Description of the Duties and Responsibilities of Your Own Work Role Essay 1. Write a description of the duties and responsibilities of your own work role (Approx. 300 – 500 words) I consider my role at the school like being a character in a play. An actor has to do and say the things that their audience would expect them to do and say. Being a professional early years worker means doing and saying what is expected from all those involved. However, as Kath Bulman stated in her book â€Å"BTEC First Early Years†, professionalism involves the ability to balance different people’s expectations. As an early year’s worker I must make sure that the environment is safe for children to be in. As stated by Penny Tassoni (2002), I must make sure that children’s environments are safe by carrying out checks and by being generally observant. All children have a basic right to build a positive future and this includes emotional, physical and mental health. Good emotional well-being and mental health will enable the child to build positive relationships, cope with the ups and downs of life, realize their own potential and have the opportunity to develop emotionally, intellectually and spiritually. Building a good relationship with children, parents, adults and colleagues is very important, as it helps in creating a welcoming and pleasant environment in the setting. It helps to develop trust among parents and carers. Furthermore a child’s welfare is paramount, thus working in partnership with parents and communicating with them, will help in the overall development of the children. According to Bruce and Meggitt (2006) respect and effective communication are two of the main responsibilities of a child carer. Effective communication provides a means in establishing contact, influencing others and a way to build relationships. It is my duty as a carer to ensure that the children are provided with enough time and a proper space where effective communication can take place. I should identify each individual’s preferences and needs, and strive to provide the appropriate support that aids the child to reach his/her full potential. As a professional working with children I should make sure that children experience interactions that make them feel valued, respected and capable. This can be reached by taking into account the different backgrounds, requirements and communication skills of individuals. Thus, develop ongoing consultation between all those involved and review regularly. Arnold J. (2005) came up with such a plan that identifies training and development needs, setting objectives, when tasks will be reviewed and how it will be known when objectives have been reached. Another vital duty is to respect the privacy of children and their parents and carers, while ensuring that they access high quality care and play opportunities in the setting. I should aim to ensure that all parents and carers can share their information in the confidence that it will only be used to enhance the welfare of their children. I am expected to tend to my duties with immense responsibility since I am â€Å"intimately involved with the child – giving the child a sense of belonging, of being loved and important. †(Kath Bulman, 2004). When children grow up in a caring setting, they grow to like who they are, to be confident and have self-esteem. References: Penny Tassoni (2002), CERTIFICATE CHILD CARE AND EDUCATION, Oxford, Heinmann Educational Publishers. Kath Bulman (2004), BTEC FIRST EARLY YEARS, Oxford, Heinmann Educational Publishers. Arnold, J. (2005) WORK PSYCHOLOGY, 4th edition. Essex: Pearson. Bruce, T and Meggitt, C, (2006) CHILD CARE AND EDUCATION 4th edition. London : Hodder Arnold. 2. Prepare an explanation of the expectations about your own work role as expressed in relevant standards. (Approx. 250 – 350 words) AS a child carer I am expected to keep in mind that childhood is a very important phase in life, not just because children represent the future, but also to â€Å"allow children to live in the present and to realize their full potential†. The National Standards stresses the importance of having â€Å"suitable persons†. When parents opt to trust carers with their children, the former must provide the best alternate care possible, ensuring their safety and well being. As a carer I should satisfy the recruitment criteria, being; age, experience, qualification and references. Any child care facility should provide appropriate carer to child ratios that enables children to receive individual attention from their key worker. The latter should provide them with opportunities for self-expression, to play individually and to interact with others. I am expected to ensure that the children are welcomed in an adequate space that ensures safety, hygiene and security. The service should be physically accessible, including toilets that are accessible to everyone using the centre. Any equipment used should be in compliance with good standards of safety and hygiene. Strict standards of hygiene should be practiced and encouraged to prevent and control the spread of infections. Moreover, I am expected to promote the benefits of a healthy diet and encourage parents to reinforce them. The facility should be managed by a qualified person who sets clear objectives, to both parents and staff, which should be reinforced by having a written manual containing all the policies and procedures of the centre. Furthermore, I am expected to provide diverse opportunities that cater for the children’s diverse needs, in order to promote their intellectual curiosity and development. I should design various activities; to promote inclusion and participation, respecting race, culture or religion of any child. I am expected to encourage children to take responsibility for their own behaviour and to show care and consideration towards others. I should consult the parents on a regular basis regarding the progress and development of the children. Finally, I am expected to be trained to recognize signs of suspected abuse and report these findings to my manager, who is then obliged to report to the authorities. Such issues should be dealt with extreme confidentiality. References: Ministry for the Family and Social Solidairity (July 2006). National Standards for Child Day Care facilities.

The Crusades Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The Crusades - Research Paper Example Scholars commonly attempt to mark crusades as the Europeans’ military expeditions against the Muslims who were then occupying the holy places in Jerusalem. In this sense, there were about four major crusades which were led during this period. But the most successful one of all these crusades was the First one in which the Crusaders could successfully occupy Antioch and Jerusalem, two most important cities of the Muslims.1 But the First Crusade was important not only for its success but also for its historical, sociopolitical and cultural background. Indeed, though on the surface level, it was a response to Pope Urban’s (II) call, it was, in reality, the reflection of an age which had experienced heavy conflict between Monarchy and Church. During the 11th century, the conflict between the State and the Church began with the Investiture Controversy which was a â€Å"dispute between King Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII concerning who would appoint bishops†2. Beside th is state-church conflict, the whole religious system got divided into a number of groups and subgroups. But the most important religious schism was the East-West Schism. Scholars claim that along with other socioeconomic and cultural factors, the state-church conflict and the East-West Schism played a crucial role in preparing the plot of the First Crusade. Moreover, this was the only one successful whereas all of the following crusades ended in smoke. In this paper, I will discuss what factors work behind the materialization of the First Crusade and why it became successful whereas the Second Crusade failed. Though it is commonly believed that the first Crusade was mainly the result of Common Europeans’ spontaneous response to Pope Urban’s (II) call, it was basically the outcome of the reformist soul of the early 11th century as well as a reaction to other contemporary sociopolitical and religious events of that era.3 A close scrutiny of the historical contexts of the First Crusade will necessarily show that it was related to the sociopolitical and religious zeal and the state-church conflict in a number of ways. So, the First Crusade was more of a sociopolitical event than a pure spiritual response of the common people. In fact, Pope Urban’s religious stance tends to hide other sociopolitical aspects of the First Crusade. This religious trend of the crusade further tends to hide the fact that though Pope Urban could motivate common people by manipulating their religiosity, his call for the Crusade was not purely religious. Rather it was Pope Urban’s attempt to consolidate his power over the state.4 In fact, due to the lack of any primary document on Pope Urban’s intention behind the First Crusade, the event remains open to interpretation. Historians’ interpretations about the drives of the First Crusades are based mainly on three points: a. the 11th century religious reform movement, b. the Seldjuk’s or the Mu slims’ threat which the Eastern Roman Orthodoxy was facing during those days, c. consolidation of Papacy’s hold on the state’s power as well as on entire European Christendom. A critical analysis of the factors behind the First Crusade will show that all of these three causes had played equal role in organizing the First Crusade. Seldjuk’s Threat in the East as a Primary Cause of First Crusade Some historians often attempt to underestimate the